The long awaited third and final phase of the rulemaking that amends the Stark regulations (Stark) was released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) on August 27, 2007. The phase III final rule (Phase III) will be effective December 4, 2007. Although CMS states that Phase III is flexible and favorable to the health care industry, Phase III is not the last piece of the puzzle addressing changes to Stark. That is, recently there have been significant proposals, pending legislation, and a CMS mandate regarding disclosures of hospital physician financial relationships, all of which may lead to more changes to Stark and may have a profound impact on the health care industry. This article will: (1) address the highlights of the Phase III final rule; and (2) identify potential future changes to Stark which may impact common health care arrangements. As a starting point, Stark prohibits physicians from referring Medicare beneficiaries to an entity in which they (or an immediate family member) have a direct or indirect financial relationship for DHS. DHS include: clinical lab; physical therapy; occupational therapy; radiology, including MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound; radiation therapy and supplies; DME and supplies; parenteral and enteral nutrients, equipment and supplies; prosthetics, orthotics, and prosthetic devices and supplies; home health services; outpatient prescription drugs; and inpatient and outpatient hospitalization services. Stark even applies to referrals of DHS within a group practice. For example, if a group provides services such as x rays, labs, ultrasound or physical therapy within the practice, Stark will be implicated. Once the prohibition is triggered, the physician's relationship must fit within a Stark exception. There are exceptions in Stark that apply to both compensation and ownership/investment relationships, exceptions that apply only to ownership/investment relationships, and exceptions that apply only to compensation arrangements. Now that the Stark regulations have finally been promulgated, physicians involved in financial relationships that implicate Stark, should have a health care attorney conduct a "Stark audit" to ensure compliance with the final regulations. Safe harbor for fair market value is eliminated. As part of Phase II, CMS created a voluntary fair market value "safe harbor" provision applicable to hourly payments to physicians for their personal services. Due to numerous commenters' concerns that the "safe harbor" was impractical and infeasible, Phase III eliminates the "safe harbor". CMS emphasizes, however, that it will continue to scrutinize the fair market value of arrangements. Parties to a transaction may calculate fair market value using any commercially reasonable methodology that is appropriate under the circumstances and otherwise fits within the definition of fair market value. A physician in the group practice must have a direct relationship with the group and provide services in the group's facilities. CMS has modified the definition of "physician in the group practice" to make clear that an independent contractor physician must furnish patient care services for the group practice under a direct contractual arrangement with the group, and not between the group practice and other entity, such as a staffing entity. CMS also reiterated its position that an independent contractor physician must provide patient care services in the group's facilities to ensure there is a true nexus with the group's medical practice. For example, when a group of orthopedic surgeons independently contracts with a radiologist to perform the reading and interpretation of the group's imaging services, the radiologist must provide such services in the group's facilities, not at some off site location. Definition of referral CMS clarifies the few, if any, situations in which a physician would personally furnish DME. If a physician personally performs a service it is not considered a referral for purposes of the Stark physician self referral prohibition. In Phase III, CMS notes that there are few, if any, situations in which a referring physician could personally furnish durable medical equipment (DME), because doing so would require the physician to be enrolled in Medicare as a DME supplier and personally perform all of the duties of a supplier. CMS believes that it is highly unlikely that a referring physician would meet the criteria for personally performed services when dispensing DME, including continuous positive airway pressure equipment (CPAP). CMS also notes that CPAP is DME that does not qualify for the in office ancillary services exception. Accordingly, physicians cannot furnish and bill for DME in their offices. CMS makes changes to the group practice definition making clear that productivity bonuses can be based directly on "incident to" services but upon further reflection, CMS now states that overall profit shares cannot relate directly to "incident to" services. In Phase III, in the group practice setting, CMS makes clear that productivity bonuses can be based directly on "incident to" services that are incidental to the physician's personally performed services, even if those "incident to" services are otherwise designated health service (DHS) referrals. For example, a physician can be paid a productivity bonus based directly on physical therapy services provided "incident to" his or her services. However, the productivity bonus cannot be directly related to any other DHS referrals, such as diagnostic tests. Further, although in Phase II CMS stated that overall profit shares could relate directly to "incident to" services, upon further reflection, CMS now states that its previous interpretation is inconsistent with the statutory language, which includes "incident to" services only in the context of productivity bonuses. Accordingly, under Phase III, profits of the group must be allocated in a manner that does not directly relate to DHS referrals, including any DHS billed as an "incident to" service. Physicians "stand in the shoes" of their group practices. Phase III includes new provisions addressing compensation arrangements in which a group practice (or other "physician organization" as newly defined in Phase III) is directly linked to the physician in a chain of financial relationships between the referring physician and a DHS entity. For purposes of determining whether a physician has a direct or indirect financial relationship with a DHS entity to which the physician refers, under Phase III, the physician will "stand in the shoes" of his or her group. For example, under this new "stand in the shoes" doctrine, a contract between a group practice and a hospital must now be structured to meet a direct Stark exception. Physicians can have a security interest in equipment that was sold to a hospital. CMS revises the regulations so that a security interest held by a physician in equipment sold by the physician to a hospital and financed through a loan from the physician to the hospital will not be considered an ownership interest in the hospital. In the past, this security interest would have created an ownership interest in part of a hospital, and thus would have been considered a prohibited financial relationship. Under Phase III, this security interest will be considered a compensation arrangement between the physician and hospital. In office ancillary shared services arrangements must be carefully structured and operated to satisfy the in office ancillary services exception. As a practical matter, CMS points out that this necessitates a block lease for the space and equipment used to provide the DHS. CMS also notes that common per use or per click fee arrangements may implicate the anti kickback statute. Further, CMS opines that part time, shared, off site facilities (such as "condo" pathology laboratories) are readily subject to abuse. CMS will be addressing this potential for abuse in a separate rulemaking. In the meantime, however, CMS cautions parties involved in shared arrangements in the same building and in off site buildings that the arrangements must fully comply with the in office ancillary services exception in operation, not just on paper. Intra family rural referrals exception modified to include an alternative distance test. There is an exception under Stark for certain referrals from a referring physician to his or her immediate family member or to a DHS entity with which the physician's immediate family member has a financial relationship. In part, the exception requires that the patient reside in a rural area and that there is no other person or entity available to furnish the referred DHS in a timely manner, at the patient's residence, or within 25 miles of the patient's residence. Phase III modifies the exception to include an alternative distance test based on transportation time (45 minutes) from the patient's residence. Holdovers now permitted in personal service arrangements . Phase III modifies the personal service arrangements exception to include a provision which permits a holdover personal service arrangement (services provided after the term of the contract expires) for up to six months for personal service arrangements that otherwise meet the requirements of the personal services exception. This new holdover concept is similar to the holdover provisions which are permitted in the exceptions for office space and equipment leases. Physician recruitment exception relaxed. The physician recruitment exception is designed to protect certain remuneration that is provided by a hospital to a physician as an inducement for the physician to relocate his or her medical practice into the "geographic area served by the hospital". The most significant changes to the Stark regulations contained in Phase III are changes to the physician recruitment exception. Phase III makes a number of changes that relax the exception. Group practices involved in physician recruitment relationships are afforded relief under Phase III as follows: v CMS modifies the exception to allow group practices to impose practice restrictions if they do not "unreasonably restrict" the recruited physician's ability to practice in the "geographic area served by the hospital". Notably, in Phase III, CMS states that restrictions on moonlighting; prohibitions on soliciting patients, or employees; requiring the recruited physician to repay losses of his or her practice absorbed by the physician practice; and requiring liquidated damages if the physician leaves the practice and remains in the community, are all restrictions and prohibitions that CMS does not consider to have a substantial effect on the physician's ability to remain in the hospital's geographic service area. CMS does state, however, that a liquidated damages clause which provides for a significant or unreasonable payment may have a substantial effect on the physician's ability to remain in the service area. v CMS also clarifies that the provisions of the recruitment exception that apply to recruitment arrangements involving physicians who join an existing practice do not apply when the recruited physician is just co locating or sharing space with an existing practice and does not join the practice. Inadvertent excess nonmonetary compensation can now be cured. In Phase I of the rulemaking, CMS established an exception to protect non monetary compensation provided to physicians up to $300 (adjusted annually for inflation). Fair market value exception expanded to cover compensation from a physician. Phase III amends the exception for fair market value to permit application of the exception to arrangements involving fair market value compensation to physicians from DHS entities, as well as to arrangements involving fair market value compensation to DHS entities from physicians. In the past, parties could not utilize the exception unless the arrangement involved compensation to a physician from an entity. Compliance training exception expanded. Phase III amends the compliance training exception to cover compliance training programs that involve CME credit so long as the compliance training is the primary purpose. Professional courtesy exception revised to delete notification requirement . Phase III modifies the professional courtesy exception by deleting the requirement that an entity notify an insurer when the professional courtesy involves the whole or partial reduction of any coinsurance obligation. Phase III also modifies the exception to clarify that it applies only to hospitals and other providers with formal medical staffs (including group practices), and not to suppliers, such as laboratories or DME companies. Retention payments in underserved areas exception modified in several respects. Phase III modifies the exception for retention payments in underserved areas in several respects, including expanding the exception by permitting certain retention payments in the absence of a written recruitment offer, by adding flexibility for retention payments to physicians who serve underserved areas and populations, and by allowing rural health care clinics to make retention payments. Other Recent Proposals on the Stark Horizon The Stark Phase III Final Rule comes out amidst a flurry of other current activity outside of the Stark regulatory final rulemaking which could have a significant impact on Stark. In July of 2007, CMS proposed several significant proposals in the 2008 Medicare Proposed Physician Fee Schedule (MPPFS), which would amend the Stark regulations. These MPPFS proposals are separate from, and in addition to, the revisions in the Phase III Final Rule. Although these proposals do not promulgate any final regulations, they are noteworthy in that they contain discussions by CMS of its concern regarding many common health care structures. If adopted, the MPPFS proposals could be effective as early as January 1, 2008 and have a significant impact on many common health care arrangements. A few of the highlights of the MPPFS proposals are briefly summarized below. No Marking Up Purchased or Reassigned Technical and Professional Services. CMS has long expressed its concerns regarding certain health care structures such as pathology pod labs involving the shared use of equipment, technologists, and pathologists between physician practices and pathology labs. CMS also believes that certain diagnostic testing arrangements between physician practices and diagnostic testing suppliers raise potential fraud and abuse concerns. In order to address its concerns, CMS proposed prohibiting physicians and practices from marking up the outside supplier's net charge for the diagnostic test to the Medicare program. Notably, this anti markup prohibition applies regardless of whether the diagnostic test is purchased outright from the supplier or whether the practice is billing Medicare pursuant to a reassignment from the supplier. The proposed rule applies to both the professional component and the technical component of the services. The only exception to this anti markup rule is for full time employees. If finalized, essentially this proposal will remove all economic incentives for physician practices to bill Medicare for the professional component of diagnostic tests not performed by full time employees of the practice (which is commonly done through the use of the Stark physician services exception). Under the proposal, the practice will not be able to recover from Medicare the overhead practice expense of interpretations performed in the practices facilities by part time or independent contractor physicians. Consequently, for example, practices that currently utilize part time or independent contractor radiologists for the interpretation of diagnostic imaging services may decide to discontinue billing Medicare for such interpretation services or employ, if feasible, a radiologist on a full time basis. Narrowing of the Stark In Office Ancillary Services Exception. In the proposed MPPFS, CMS expressed its concern that this exception is being inappropriately used for services that are not closely connected to the physician's practice. CMS solicited public comment as to whether the exception should be narrowed or limited to some extent. Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Dark Obsidian Silver Soar Blue Quilted ,Men Nike Free Run 3.0 Chrome Yellow Reflect Silver Platinum White Men Nike Free Run 2 Green White Turquoise Men Nike Free Run 2 Drench Blue Orange White Men Nike Free Run 2 Green White Turquoise Men Nike Free 3.0 Soar Blue Pure Platinum Reflective Silver Wmns Nike Free Run 3 Cool Grey Silver Sail University Red Men Nike Free Run 4.0 Dark Grey Reflect Silver Total Orange Women Nike Free Run 3 Hot Punch Neon Pink Volt Quilted Nike Free 4.0 Game Royal Blue Electric Green Pure Platinum Wmns 2008 Presidential Election Abortion Academia Africa al Qaeda America 2006 America 2007 Arabia Art Beijing 2006 Beijing 2007 Blogosphere Bookosphere Central Asia Chet Richards China Cobuyitaphobia Cognition Congress Connectivity Courts Democrats Doctrine Education Europe Faith Family Films Geography Greater East Asia Greater Syria Health Care Health Mullahs History Homosexuality Humor Immigration Iran Iraq Israel Japan John Robb Juan Cole Korea Law Media NationMaster Natural Disasters Natural Liberty Nebraska North America Oil Pedophilia Personal Finances Poetry Public Finances Recipes Republicans Science SLAPP Software South Asia South Dakota States Rights Stephen DeAngelis Television Thesis Thomas Barnett Thomas Friedman United Nations UNL UNL / Adolescent Psychology UNL / Child Psychology UNL / Cognition Technology UNL / College Teaching UNL / Creativity and Expertise UNL / Dorm Life UNL / Genetic Development UNL / Genetic Politics UNL / Human Cognition Instruction UNL / International Law UNL / International Politics UNL / Memory UNL / Notes on Rails UNL / OODA UNL / Scope Methods Vanity Women The Roman Legions were not the first military force fielded by the Jesusist Paulists. The Armenian King Trdat III submitted his armies to Christ eleven years earlier, but if Christianity had stopped at Armenia the plans of Caiaphas and Diocletian (to force Christianity to morph into violent military force that could be processed as a regular insurgency) would have been victorious. When Tiridates III converted, Christianity gained a weak country. When Constantine I converted, Christianity gained the world. This exponential increase in the size of Christianity's 4GW militia was not entirely surprising. In spite of being under a persecution that would last until 313, the Christians were using the using the power of women to subvert masculine lines of control and communication. While the fading crypto Maoist ideals of Greece were passed along in masculine education, Christianity focused on the conversion of women and subsequent mother to child indoctrination. Constantine's mother was a Christian. Once Christianity began what 4GW theorists call "stage 3 operations," what traditional military men call "phase IV operations," or what others call "Reorientation/Reharmonization," the Christians followed a Boydian program for success. This "Constantinian Shift" was the natural and correct Christian response to winning the war. In the last slide of his epic brief, Patterns of Conflict, John Boyd wrote Evolve and exploit insight/initiative/adaptability/harmony together with a unifying vision, via a grand ideal or an overarching theme or a noble philosophy, as basis to: Shape or influence events so that we not only amplify our spirit and strength but also influence the uncommitted or potential adversaries so that they are drawn toward our philosophy and are empathetic toward our success. Penetrate adversary's moral mental physical being in order to isolate him from his allies, pull him apart, and collapse his will to resist. Constantine helped unfold Christianity's grand unifying ideal. The 325 Council of Nicea, assembled by Constantine, defined the unifying vision and noble philosopher of Christianity. The Creed of Christianity would unfold over the years, but in the 325 Declaration the nature of the Religion was promulgated Maker of all that is seen and unseen, And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten from the father, only begotten, that is, from the substance of the father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten not made, one in Being with the Father, through whom all things came into being, things in heaven and things on earth, Who because of us men and because of our salvation came down and became incarnate,On the third day he rose again he ascended to heaven He will come again to judge the living and the dead, And in the Holy Spirit, But as for those who say, There was when He was not, and Before being born He was not, and that He came into existence out of nothing or who assert that the Son of God is of a different hypostasis or substance, or is subject to alteration or change those the Catholic and apostolic Church anathematizes. Constantine increased the physical connectivity of Christians. Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases ; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion. Moreover, in the case of the Christians especially we esteemed it best to order that if it happens anyone heretofore has bought from our treasury from anyone whatsoever, those places where they were previously accustomed to assemble, concerning which a certain decree had been made and a letter sent to you officially, the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception, Those, moreover, who have obtained the same by gift, are likewise to return them at once to the Christians. Besides, both those who have purchased and those who have secured them by gift, are to appeal to the vicar if they seek any recompense from our bounty, that they may be cared for through our clemency,. All this property ought to be delivered at once to the community of the Christians through your intercession, and without delay. And since these Christians are known to have possessed not only those places in which they were accustomed to assemble, but also other property, namely the churches, belonging to them as a corporation and not as individuals, all these things which we have included under the above law, you will order to be restored, without any hesitation or controversy at all, to these Christians, that is to say to the corporations and their conventicles: providing, of course, that the above arrangements be followed so that those who return the same without payment, as we have said, may hope for an indemnity from our bounty. In all these circumstances you ought to tender your most efficacious intervention to the community of the Christians, that our command may be carried into effect as quickly as possible, whereby, moreover, through our clemency, public order may be secured. Let this be done so that, as we have said above, Divine favor towards us, which, under the most important circumstances we have already experienced, may, for all time, preserve and prosper our successes together with the good of the state. Moreover, in order that the statement of this decree of our good will may come to the notice of all, this rescript, published by your decree, shall be announced everywhere and brought to the knowledge of all, so that the decree of this, our benevolence, cannot be concealed. Constantine decreased the physical connectivity of non Christians. Money was diverted from pagan temple to the Christian Church, in nearly exactly the same way later Chinese Communists would divert wealth from churches to the Communist Party. Non Christians could not own Christian slaves, a measure designed to prevent an anti Christian reaction by the chattel owning class. The "non Christian" tag was applied, with some calculation, to those considered semi Christians. Self professing Christians who refused to swear the Nicean Creed were exiled, a fate the Communist Leon Trotsky would suffer after running foul of the larger Communist Party of the Soviet Union. (Unlike Communists, however, the Christians did not send assassins after the exiles.) Jews, who worshiped the same God as the Christians but did not claim to worship Christ, were recognized as fellow travelers. Treated better than either Pagans or schismatic Christians, their position was superior to contemporary "fellow traveler" parties, such as the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese KMT in China today. The Christians did those both to seperate Jews from their potential pagan allies, and create a broader, generally correlated force to "influence the uncommitted or potential adversaries so that they are drawn toward our philosophy and are empathetic toward Christian] success." Christianity won. The hope of a victorious 4th Generation War was successful. The old Roman Civilization was dead, and with it the ancient communitarianism of the pagans. Everyone was equal in the eyes of God. The slave. The woman. All equal. Even human rights laws, such as Improvement in the condition of slavesImprovement in the condition of prisonersImprovement in the condition of non farm workersAbolition of CrucifictionAbolition of Gladiatorial Execution Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Dark Obsidian Silver Soar Blue Quilted,You were never promised articles of fashionable shoes every week, but you can believe that every article comes in good fashion. One of our favorite son's of Dallas TX stands for such fashion. Josh Hamilton, outfielder for our red shoed Texas Rangers, has walked quite a path in his life. Hamilton went from being a prominent prospect in Major League Baseball from rehab to rehab. Hamilton's first rehab was to bounce back from a injury from a major car wreck while riding with his parents. To kill the pain, he soon turned to drugs and alcohol, which wrecked his life and career ten times over. Thanks to the MLB, Hamilton had to get clean to play ball. He did this, returned to baseball, got married and was even expecting his first child. With all of this pressure on him, Hamilton coped by returning to drugs and alcohol. MLB's policy wasn't going to be enough this time. Like many of our Grandmothers, Hamilton's Grandmother challenged him to give his life back to God. He did so, and so God gave Hamilton his life back. He is now one of the best athletes in the game, a great father, a wonderful husband and even a counselor to many. When most of us cower, Hamilton is man enough to be very forward and honest about his past, and even more so, his love for God. Yesterday Hamilton fielded a foul ball and routinely tossed it into the stands towards a father and his son. Unfortunately this routine was just out of reach of Shannon Stone and sent him over the edge. As this firefighter attempted to catch a ball for his 6 year old son, this father and husband from Brownwood TX fell over the edge from the lower deck and struck concrete. He was rushed to the emergency room and was pronounced dead before they could ever reach the emergency room. Most of the media will have you doubt the strength of Josh Hamilton and his ability to come back from such an event. But those that share the same faith as Josh, know that there wasn't a better Ranger suited to deal with such a tragedy. If you do feel inspired to buy a pair of cleats for your son, brother or cousin, make it the Nike Huarache that Josh Hamilton wears. Just make sure they know what sort of shoes they are trying to fill. A true "shoe guru" that has spent his life devoted to your shoes, Rusty Long is a southern boy that always puts his best foot forward. From part time sales, to upper management, to now your favorite Foot Informant, he platformed his career in Texas and then pumped it up to New York and back. With over twelve years experience in the footwear industry, he will help you revamp with tomorrow's high end fashion and yesteryear's old school kicks. Stay in step with him atContact meOutdoor exercise tips: What to wear for cold weather workoutsWhen there is a chill in the air, it's easy to think you'd be better off to put in a workout DVD, take your daily walk indoors at the local mall, or better yet, skip it all together. But as long. Tips for moving houseplants from outdoors to indoorsMany gardeners keep their houseplants outside during the summer and move them inside for the winter. Typically this is a good strategy but with moving plants in during the winter the plants.
Cheap Price Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Dark Obsidian Silver Soar Blue Quilted,Men Nike Free Run 2 Bright Loyal Blue Pure Platinum White Omaha UNOMAVRADIO, the University of Nebraska at Omaha's student run radio station, will host its first MAVster Mash, featuring a "Zombie Walk" and "The Walking Bread" bake sale. The "Zombie Walk" mimics a cake walk, but cake will not be the only prize. There will be many more great giveaways such as free movie tickets, food and gift cards. There will be several rounds and multiple winners. The University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) is Nebraska's metropolitan university. The core values of the institution place students at the center of all that the university does; call for the campus to strive for academic excellence; and promote community engagement that transforms and improves urban, regional, national and global life. UNO, inaugurated in 1968, emerged from the Municipal University of Omaha, established in 1931, which grew out of the University of Omaha founded in 1908. Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Dark Obsidian Silver Soar Blue Quilted Scientists studying the effects of carbon on climate warming are very likely underestimating, by a vast amount, how much soil carbon is available in the high Arctic to be released into the atmosphere, new University of Washington research shows. A three year study of soils in northwest Greenland found that a key previous study greatly underestimated the organic carbon stored in the soil. That's because the earlier work generally looked only at the top 10 inches of soil, said Jennifer Horwath, a UW doctoral student in Earth and space sciences. The earlier work, reported in 1992, estimated nearly 1 billion metric tons of organic carbon was contained in the soil of the polar semidesert, a 623,000 square mile treeless Arctic region that is 20 percent to 80 percent covered by grasses, shrubs and other small plants. That research also estimated about 17 million metric tons of carbon was sequestered in the soil of the adjacent polar desert, a 525,000 square mile area where only 10 percent or less of the landscape is plant covered. Horwath dug substantially deeper, in some instances more than 3 feet down, and found significantly more carbon. She concluded that the polar semidesert contains more than 8.7 billion metric tons of carbon, and the polar desert contains more than 2.1 billion metric tons. "In the polar semidesert, I found nearly nine times more carbon than was previously reported," she said. "In the polar desert, I'm finding 125 times more carbon." Horwath will present her findings Tuesday in a poster exhibited during the American Geophysical Union's fall meeting. The work is part of a broader study of carbon content of the water, plants and soil of the high Arctic region led by Jeffrey Welker, a biology professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage. Over three years, during thawing from late June to early August, Horwath excavated more than 75 pits on a peninsula near Thule Air Base in Greenland. The peninsula lies between the Greenland Ice Sheet and Baffin Bay. The pits, about three feet square, ranged in depth from 10 inches to nearly 39 inches, with their depth typically limited by bedrock, water table or permafrost. They contained a variety of soil types and features. The findings are significant because the Arctic is showing greater effects from global climate change than anywhere else on Earth. "We already know the Arctic climate is warming, and as it warms the depth of the permafrost is lowered. As that happens, more carbon becomes active and can be converted to carbon dioxide, one of the most abundant greenhouse gases in the atmosphere," Horwath said. She noted that there is disagreement among scientists on just what the added warmth might mean for the high Arctic. Some say warmer climate will produce greater plant activity to absorb more carbon. Others say the overall carbon absorption is decreasing as the permafrost retreats. No matter which group is right, she said, it is clearly important for those who run computer models that look at the processes and effects of climate change to have the most accurate numbers possible for the amount of carbon going into the atmosphere. "The effects of climate change are really hard to predict, and it's that much harder if you don't have an accurate picture of what is actually happening now," Horwath said.
Low Price Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Dark Obsidian Silver Soar Blue Quilted Every Purchase You Make
Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Crimson Lemon Platinum
Nike Free Run 4.0 Hot Punch Reflect Silver Wolf Grey Women
Men Nike Free Run 2 Blue White Yellow Quilted
Women Nike Free Run 3 Tiffany Blue
Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Crimson Lemon Platinum
Women Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Medium Purple Electric Green Volt
Women Nike Free Run 3 Light Bone Vivid Orange
Men Nike Free Run 2 Anthracite Black White Red
Women Nike Free 4.0 Dark Grey Reflect Silver Fireberry
Men Nike Free 3.0 Soar Blue Pure Platinum Reflective Silver