As each piston rises to full compression just before the power stroke air trapped in the cylinder fights back, temporarily slowing the crankshaft. When that cylinder fires, the crankshaft rapidly accelerates to a peak speed and then starts to slow again once all the fuel's been burned. This creates a slight oscillation or back and forth vibration in the crankshaft, one that can be particularly severe on high compression diesel engines with a large displacement for a given cylinder count. This statement accurately describes most road going diesels, as well as many high performance gas engines. A dual mass flywheel works something like an harmonic balancer and performs much the same function. The DMF has a heavy outer ring or drum, in this case and a lighter center hub connected to the crankshaft, just like a harmonic balancer, but uses a set of long springs wound around the inside of the drum to connect it and the center hub. Think of the entire assembly as a heavy disc inside a heavier drum. The center disc bolts to the crankshaft and the outer drum connects to the transmission via the clutch. The springs can utilize one of two setups. In a basic DMF, a ring with long arms sticking out of either side bolts between the disc and the outer hub. When the crankshaft applies torque or shakes, it applies that torque directly to the ring and its arms. The arms fit between a pair of long springs wrapped around the inside of the drum; one end of the spring hits the ring arm, the other hits a wall like stop on the inside of the hub. The toque applied from the crankshaft to the outer hub must go through the springs, which absorb the engine's minor back and forth vibrations. A second and more complex method involves using several smaller springs instead of a few long ones. These springs have different rates, meaning that some will compress faster than others. The springs are separated by sliding "shoes," which fit between each spring and act as a solid stop once the spring fully compresses. Under hard acceleration or high load conditions, all of the springs will compress and the sliding stops will come into contact, essentially turning the assembly into a solid flywheel. Once the load goes away, the springs push the shoes apart and the DMF goes back to normal. The DMF is a boon to any high compression, low cylinder count engine not just diesels. The DMF's ability to isolate crankshaft oscillations makes for a smoother clutch engagement, longer clutch life and decreased breakage in the transmission and drivetrain. The DMF doesn't have any significant drawbacks, apart from the fact that it's relatively expensive to build, expensive to repair and is one more thing to break. 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I went on holiday last Autumn and left all my accounts in "apple pie" order. I know the companies I use and have them on my pay list. Practically all had different days for payment. No worries. HA! One credit card company and I had been sparring for some time. I'd set the date for them to pull their money and they would not do so on that date and then I'd get the paper invoice I'd see a late charge. The next month, the same thing. Another sparring match. Yes, I'd get my late fees back. Then I told them no longer did I trust them so I'd set the amount I owed and they could pull it on our agreed date. I got a letter in the mail telling me what day in February they would pull money from my account. I got them on the telephone in "customer service" and stomped all over them. The bloomin' idiots had not noticed they already had my money three weeks early. Since January the credit card companies have had carte blanche to walk all over their card holders with crazy fees. I went on line to check my account to see if a particular credit card company had done any hanky panky with my account before I zipped to my bank to see my personal banker. As I signed on, was a message from the bank that flashed and stayed on as long as I was on that page. It was a warning of credit card companies not "accepting" funds as set up by the client. Example: ZYX credit card company is to be paid on the fifteenth of the month, set the payment day for the eleventh of the month. The credit card company would have their money by the fifteenth and the client would avoid the money earning late fee for the credit card company. The new symbol of the United States should be an eagle in flight. In one talon a few people in a net and in the other talon for balance a net of many $10,000 bills with Salmon P. Chase's picture. 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Womens Men Nike Free Run 2 Black White Purple Anthracite,Men Nike Free Run 4.0 V2 Anthracite Teal Quilted You are in Tirana on holiday, asks Klodian, in a tone more bewildered than curious as he wove his taxi out of Nene Tereza International Airport, named, of course, after Albania's most famous citizen. Not a touristy place Klodian's reaction was far from untypical, as I learnt during the brief time I spent in Tirana. Home to around a quarter of Albania's 3.2 million citizens, Tirana simply isn't used to foreign tourists despite being less than an hour's drive from the Adriatic Sea. Besides a spattering of decent hotels and bed and breakfasts, there is little infrastructure to support a foreign visitor not there to do business. No signs guide you to the city's top attractions, and at the moment at least the city's main plaza, Skanderberg Square named after the 15th century lord who kept the Ottoman Empire at bay looks like a building site in its formative stages, with metal barriers running this way and that around piles of materials. Crossing this square means joining the crowds that deftly dodge their way between helmet less scooterists and beaten up old Mercedez Benzes and BMWs. Fortunately, the trek is worth it, particularly for Et'hem Bey mosque, a nondescript building on a corner of the square, which was constructed at the end of the 18th century and closed through communist times. Thanks to the unremarkable exterior, the exquisite wood panelling inside the tiny mosque takes your breath away. Our caution about entering the site of worship is airily dismissed by an old man, who gestures to us to come further inside to admire the paintings that envelope the space. Around 70 per cent of the country is Muslim, though aside from the call to prayer, and a few women wearing head scarves, there are few obvious signs of religion. The open air bars in the trendy Blloku district of the city are as filled with young women in breezy summer dresses, sipping glasses of wine or coffee as they are with men. Soon the advantages of a dearth of tourists begin to become apparent: no touts chase us down the street with tacky memorabilia and postcards, taxi drivers glance at you askance as you approach rather than hound you with promises of must see sites. The few shops that do carry tourist trophies have little more than mugs and t shirts with the imposing double headed eagle, which forms the centre piece of the national flag. A refreshing change. While the national museum has limited amounts for the non Albanian speaking visitor to digest, the art gallery is captivating, with works ranging from the medieval to the modern. Much of the gallery is devoted to social realist art purposeful looking muscular workers at a mine or in the fields capturing the history of a nation that for much of the 20th century lived under communist rule. It was only in 1992, several years after the death of Enver Hoxa, who led the country from the end of the Second World War, that communist rule ended. Few reminders of the past Apart from these works and some of the stark architecture found in the city, there are few reminders of that past. As with many parts of the world that have lurched from communist state to free market champion, here too streets are densely packed with shops selling everything from ankle twistingly high stilettos to the latest Nike goods and designer watchers. (But surprisingly, there isn't a single McDonald's or Starbucks). The lush green Mount Dajti, at 1,612 metres, is a short journey from the city centre and well worth a visit for tourists who may not have the time to visit other famous places such as Butrint, a UNESCO World Heritage site, or Berat, a historic Ottoman castle town to the south of the country. Reached by a steep 15 minute cable car ride, Dajti is a place where many locals escape city life for barbeques or a trip to a 1970 ish revolving bar. It also offers impressive views, if not of the beauty of Tirana (whatever its charm, beautiful it is not) then at least of the lush vegetation that surrounds the city thanks to ample rainfall. Eager to join EU Albania has a tough reputation in many parts of the world. In the run up to our visit, headlines warned of mounting tensions between the socialist and democratic camps in local elections that have delayed a visit by European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso. In fact, the EU has warned that the conduct of local elections in the country could hurt its chances of EU accession (the country's eagerness to join the economic union is evidenced by the numerous EU flags draping buildings across the city.) Still, it's clear that Tirana is unlikely to remain un touristy much longer. I meet a group of British builders who're scouting for sites to house an Irish pub, and are already drafting plans for a package holiday company. With the seaside nearby and cheap nightlife to rival any Mediterranean holiday resort just a two hour something flight from London, it's a no brainer, says one. I'm pretty sure he's not the only one thinking that. Men Nike Free Run 2 Black White Purple Anthracite Did Katie Holmes have a wardrobe malfunction? The actress and wife of Tom Cruise stepped out of her New York City apartment on Friday with wet hair and a sheer black top on one that clearly allowed a view of her pink bra. Some believe this was an oversight, that Katie didn know she was showing the world her undergarments. But was this a deliberate fashion choice on her part? The British newspaper the Daily Mail printed photos of Katie Holmes that show the sheer top and the pink bra, noting that she onlookers to a glimpse of her underwear. But a closer look shows that yes, she had on a sheer black top and yes, a pink bra but she also wore a heavy coat over the top. Not only that, Katie also wore pinkish red shoes and carried a handbag that looks pretty close to the same shade. Perhaps this was just Katie Holmes being hot and fashionable? Sure, she had wet hair and was possibly rushing out somewhere, but most women, particularly A list celebrities, do remember to put on clothing that covers their bodies (if that the look they going for). They also take great care to match bags and shoes and even if they going to show through sheer tops! Katie is almost always dressed to perfection, so even in a hurry one has to think that she was not having some sort of wardrobe malfunction.
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